Gudang Software

Posted: 08 Nov 2011 07:11 PM PST

Untuk membangun jalan raya yang memenuhi kebutuhan lalu lintas pada waktu ini dan masa yang akan datang, serta meningkatkan kemajuan – kemajuan teknik pengangkutan serta lalu lintas maka perlu memperdalam pengetahuan mengenai perencanaan jalan raya dapat melalui pengalaman dan penelitian.

Salah satu bagian yang penting dari perencanaan jalan adalah perencanaan geometrik jalan raya.

Dalam perencanaan geometrik dapat berdasarkan pengalaman yang telah lalu dengan berdasarkan keadaan tempat untuk membuat suatu jalan yang melalui alignemen, pendakian/penurunan dan lain – lain dengan biaya yang serendah – rendahnya, bertambahnya jumlah dan kualitas kendaraan, berkembang nya pengetahuan tentang kelakuan pengandara terutama pada saat berpapasan dan meningkatkan jumlah kendaraan.

Hal tersebut menjadi pertimbangan bagi perencanaan dalam memberikan pelayanan maksimum dengan keadaan bahaya minimum dengan biaya yang pantas.

Definition Of Hybridization

Posted: 08 Nov 2011 04:05 AM PST

The hybridization is a model with which we can explain the geometry of molecules.

It is mixed together the various existing atomic orbitals to an orbital, which then has other geometric structure. To designate the orbital mixing is called all starting orbitals with lowercase letters and writes to each output orbital feed as often orbitals of this type in the mixture. As an example, the mixture is of an s orbital and 3 p orbitals of s1p3 Orbital to yield the also can be omitted.
Table of often hybridized orbitals, their geometric structure, and some substances in which they occur:

Oribtal	Geometry	Occurrence
	linear	$CO_{2}$ ,, $HgCl_{2}$ , $BeCl_{2}$
	linear	$XeF_{2}$ , $XeCl_{2}$
$sp^{2}$	trigonal planar	$SO_{3}$ , $NO_{3}^{-}$ , $CO_{3}^{-}$ , $BCl_{3}$
$sp^{3}$	tetrahedral	$H_{2}O$ , $NH_{3}$ , $NH_{4}^{+}$ , $CH_{4}$ , $SO_{4}{2-}$ , $XeO_{4}$
$sp^{2}d$	square
$sp^{3}d$	trigonal bipyramidial	$PCl_{5}$ , $PF_{5}$ , $SbCl_{5}$
$sp^{3}d^{2}$	octahedral	$SF_{6}$
$sp^{3}d^{3}$	pentagonal-bipyramidial	$IF_{7}$

Note : The d-Orbital of sp3d Orbital is the dz2-Orbital, so the bar with the ring. With further increase in the number of blended d-Orbital be “normal”admixed with d-orbitals.

For organic molecules also occur hybridizations. Thus, the methane moleculeas CH4 already described -sp3 Hybridized and a tetrahedron. Is a carbon atom provided with four other binding partners, it is-sp3 Hybridized.

The sp3 hybridization can be described, the bent structure of a carbon chain. The atoms do not hang straight, lined up like pearls on a string, but they are lined up a zigzag pattern. This comes at a position in which another carbon atom always depends on a corner of the tetrahedron and not on the side.

Come in organic double bonds of carbon atoms is present, the C-atom hybridized. This dual commitment, an s-orbital and a p-orbital is involved, while the other two continued to bond orbitals of substituents are available. Double bonds cause no more bent structure. They also let the atom be rigid so that it is to turn to the double bond can not and planar. A triple bond is a s-Orbital and two p-Orbital a-sp3 Hybridized orbital formed. In this case, the molecule is a straight line.

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Rabu, 09 November 2011

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